SQL Server 2022

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CREATE TABLE t (c1 int, c2 int, c3 int, c4 int, c5 int)
INSERT INTO t (c1, c2, c3, c4, c5) VALUES
(10,  1,  2,  3,  4),
(20,  5,  6,  7,  8),
(30,  9, 10, 11, 12),
(40, 13, 14, 15, 16)
4 rows affected

select *
     , sk = row_number() over (order by c1)
     , k1 = row_number() over (order by newid())
     , k2 = row_number() over (order by newid())
     , k3 = row_number() over (order by newid())
into #temp
from t
4 rows affected

select *
from #temp
order by c1


c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
sk
k1
k2
k3


10
1
2
3
4
1
1
4
3

20
5
6
7
8
2
2
1
4

30
9
10
11
12
3
4
2
1

40
13
14
15
16
4
3
3
2


update t set
t.c2 = a.c2,
t.c3 = b.c3,
t.c4 = c.c4,
t.c5 = c.c5
from t
join #temp as x on t.c1 = x.c1
join #temp as a on x.sk = a.k1
join #temp as b on x.sk = b.k2
join #temp as c on x.sk = c.k3
4 rows affected

select *
from t
order by c1


c1
c2
c3
c4
c5


10
1
6
11
12

20
5
10
15
16

30
13
14
3
4

40
9
2
7
8