SQL Server 2022

By using db<>fiddle, you agree to license everything you submit by Creative Commons CC0.

DECLARE @t TABLE (
    val VARBINARY(MAX)
)

--INSERT INTO @t SELECT 0x00000100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--INSERT INTO @t SELECT 0x00001000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--INSERT INTO @t SELECT 0x00010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--INSERT INTO @t SELECT 0x00100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
--INSERT INTO @t SELECT 0x00000f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
INSERT INTO @t SELECT 0x0329000414000B14000C14000D0F00177800224600467800473C00550F00000000000000000000000000
------------------------0-----1-----2-----3-----4-----5-----6-----7-----8-----9-----0-----1-----2-----3-----
  
SELECT S.*, P.*
FROM @t T
CROSS APPLY (
    SELECT
        N.Offset,
        SUBSTRING(T.val, N.Offset + 1, 3) AS Segment
    FROM (
        VALUES
            (0), (3), (6), (9), (12), (15), (18), (21), (24), (27),
            (30), (33), (36), (39)
    ) N(Offset)
    WHERE N.Offset < LEN(T.val) - 3
) S
CROSS APPLY(
    SELECT
        CONVERT(TINYINT, SUBSTRING(S.Segment, 1, 1)) AS [Key],
        CONVERT(TINYINT, SUBSTRING(S.Segment, 2, 1)) AS [Value1],
        CONVERT(TINYINT, SUBSTRING(S.Segment, 3, 1)) AS [Value2],
        CONVERT(SMALLINT, SUBSTRING(S.Segment, 2, 2)) AS [Value12],
        CONVERT(SMALLINT, SUBSTRING(S.Segment, 3, 1) + SUBSTRING(S.Segment, 2, 1)) AS [Value21]
) P

Offset	Segment	Key	Value1	Value12	Value21
0	0x032900	3	41	10496	41
3	0x041400	4	20	5120	20
6	0x0B1400	11	20	5120	20
9	0x0C1400	12	20	5120	20
12	0x0D0F00	13	15	3840	15
15	0x177800	23	120	30720	120
18	0x224600	34	70	17920	70
21	0x467800	70	120	30720	120
24	0x473C00	71	60	15360	60
27	0x550F00	85	15	3840	15
30	0x000000	0	0	0	0
33	0x000000	0	0	0	0
36	0x000000	0	0	0	0