MySQL 8.0

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CREATE TABLE `rg` ( `name` text, 
                    `zip` text,
                    `Year` bigint,
                    `r` double,
                    `geom` GEOMETRY
                  );


INSERT INTO `rg` (name, zip, Year, r, geom) 

VALUES 

('AB, NM', '87105', '2015', '10', ST_GeomFromText('POint (35.066062 -106.700005)')),

('AB, NM', '87105', '2016', '20', ST_GeomFromText('POINT (35.067912 -106.700884)')),

('AB, NM', '87105', '2017', '30', ST_GeomFromText('POINT (35.067912 -106.700884)'))
WITH CTE AS (SELECT
name, zip, Year, r, geom,
   LEAD(r) OVER (PARTITION BY name, zip ORDER BY YEAR DESC) / r * 100 as lasttwoyears
  , ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY name, zip ORDER BY YEAR DESC) rn
FROM rg)
SELECT name, zip,geom, lasttwoyears  FROM CTE WHERe rn = 1


name
zip
geom
lasttwoyears


AB, NM
87105
000000000101000000c3802557b18841408a929048dbac5ac0
66.66666666666666


WITH CTE AS (SELECT
name, zip, Year, r, geom,
   r / LEAD(r) OVER (PARTITION BY name, zip ORDER BY YEAR DESC)  * 100 as lasttwoyears
  , ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY name, zip ORDER BY YEAR DESC) rn
FROM rg)
SELECT name, zip,geom, lasttwoyears  FROM CTE WHERe rn = 1


name
zip
geom
lasttwoyears


AB, NM
87105
000000000101000000c3802557b18841408a929048dbac5ac0
150


WITH CTE AS (SELECT
name, zip, Year, r, geom,
   r / LEAD(r) OVER (PARTITION BY name, zip ORDER BY YEAR DESC)  * 100 - 100 as lasttwoyears
  , ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY name, zip ORDER BY YEAR DESC) rn
FROM rg)
SELECT name, zip,geom, lasttwoyears  FROM CTE WHERe rn = 1


name
zip
geom
lasttwoyears


AB, NM
87105
000000000101000000c3802557b18841408a929048dbac5ac0
50