Oracle 21c

By using db<>fiddle, you agree to license everything you submit by Creative Commons CC0.

CREATE TABLE tab(
  var1 VARCHAR(30)
);
INSERT ALL 
  INTO tab VALUES('file_X_2022_1_001')
  INTO tab VALUES('file_X_2022_1_004')
  INTO tab VALUES('file_X_2022_1_006')
  INTO tab VALUES('file_X_2022_8_002')
  INTO tab VALUES('file_X_2022_8_0015')
  INTO tab VALUES('file_X_2022_10_1000')
SELECT * FROM DUAL;

6 rows affected

SELECT * 
FROM tab
WHERE REGEXP_LIKE (var1, 'file_X_2022_[0-9]{1,2}_[0-9]?[0-9]{3}')


VAR1


file_X_2022_1_001

file_X_2022_1_004

file_X_2022_1_006

file_X_2022_8_002

file_X_2022_8_0015

file_X_2022_10_1000