Oracle 21c

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CREATE TABLE CAR_ASGNMT
    (ID int, STATUS varchar(1), EFFECTIVE_DT DATE, EXPIRATION_DT DATE)
;

BEGIN  
INSERT INTO CAR_ASGNMT (Id, Status, Effective_dt, Expiration_dt) VALUES 
    (0, 'A', DATE '2020-09-28',DATE  '2020-12-06');
INSERT INTO CAR_ASGNMT (Id, Status, Effective_dt, Expiration_dt) VALUES 
    (0, 'A', DATE '2020-12-07', DATE '2021-03-28');
INSERT INTO CAR_ASGNMT (Id, Status, Effective_dt, Expiration_dt) VALUES 
    (0, 'A', DATE '2021-03-28', DATE '2021-09-26');
INSERT INTO CAR_ASGNMT (Id, Status, Effective_dt, Expiration_dt) VALUES 
    (0, 'A', DATE '2021-09-27', DATE '2021-12-05');
INSERT INTO CAR_ASGNMT (Id, Status, Effective_dt, Expiration_dt) VALUES 
    (0, 'B', DATE '2021-12-06', DATE '2022-03-26');
END;
/
1 rows affected

SELECT
    ID
  , STATUS
      || ' ('
      || TO_CHAR(MIN(EFFECTIVE_DT),'YYYY') 
      || ' - '
      || TO_CHAR(MAX(EXPIRATION_DT),'YYYY')
      || ')'
      AS STATUS_RANGE
  , MIN(EFFECTIVE_DT) MIN_DT
FROM CAR_ASGNMT
GROUP BY
    ID
  , STATUS


ID
STATUS_RANGE
MIN_DT


0
A (2020 - 2021)
28-SEP-20

0
B (2021 - 2022)
06-DEC-21


SELECT
    ID
  , LISTAGG(STATUS_RANGE,', ') WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY MIN_DT) AS STATUS_YEARS
FROM (
    SELECT
        ID
      , STATUS
          || ' ('
          || TO_CHAR(MIN(EFFECTIVE_DT),'YYYY') 
          || ' - '
          || TO_CHAR(MAX(EXPIRATION_DT),'YYYY')
          || ')'
          AS STATUS_RANGE
      , MIN(EFFECTIVE_DT) MIN_DT
    FROM CAR_ASGNMT
    GROUP BY
        ID
      , STATUS
    ) D
GROUP BY ID;


ID
STATUS_YEARS


0
A (2020 - 2021), B (2021 - 2022)