SQL Server 2019

By using db<>fiddle, you agree to license everything you submit by Creative Commons CC0.

create table Test (ContractId int, PartnerId int, DocumentState int, DealsDate datetime, ActualCloseDate datetime)
insert into Test (ContractId, PartnerId, DocumentState, DealsDate, ActualCloseDate) values (119577922, 1450216, 38, '2016-04-21', '2017-08-01')
insert into Test (ContractId, PartnerId, DocumentState, DealsDate, ActualCloseDate) values (222138372, 1450216, 38, '2017-11-22', '2019-04-01')
insert into Test (ContractId, PartnerId, DocumentState, DealsDate, ActualCloseDate) values (223328932, 1450216, 38, '2018-07-30', '2018-11-19')
insert into Test (ContractId, PartnerId, DocumentState, DealsDate, ActualCloseDate) values (224263667, 1450216, 38, '2019-01-15', '2019-04-19')
insert into Test (ContractId, PartnerId, DocumentState, DealsDate, ActualCloseDate) values (225286013, 1450216, 38, '2019-06-21', '2019-07-19')
insert into Test (ContractId, PartnerId, DocumentState, DealsDate, ActualCloseDate) values (225704493, 1450216, 38, '2019-08-30', '2019-12-11')
6 rows affected

select *
from test


ContractId
PartnerId
DocumentState
DealsDate
ActualCloseDate


119577922
1450216
38
2016-04-21 00:00:00.000
2017-08-01 00:00:00.000

222138372
1450216
38
2017-11-22 00:00:00.000
2019-04-01 00:00:00.000

223328932
1450216
38
2018-07-30 00:00:00.000
2018-11-19 00:00:00.000

224263667
1450216
38
2019-01-15 00:00:00.000
2019-04-19 00:00:00.000

225286013
1450216
38
2019-06-21 00:00:00.000
2019-07-19 00:00:00.000

225704493
1450216
38
2019-08-30 00:00:00.000
2019-12-11 00:00:00.000


with toupdate as (
      select t.*,
             max(ActualCloseDate) over (partition by PartnerId
                                        order by dealsDate
                                        rows between unbounded preceding and 1 preceding
                                       ) as prev_max_acd
      from test t
     )
update toupdate
     set documentstate = 36
     where prev_max_acd > dealsdate;
2 rows affected

select *
from test


ContractId
PartnerId
DocumentState
DealsDate
ActualCloseDate


119577922
1450216
38
2016-04-21 00:00:00.000
2017-08-01 00:00:00.000

222138372
1450216
38
2017-11-22 00:00:00.000
2019-04-01 00:00:00.000

223328932
1450216
36
2018-07-30 00:00:00.000
2018-11-19 00:00:00.000

224263667
1450216
36
2019-01-15 00:00:00.000
2019-04-19 00:00:00.000

225286013
1450216
38
2019-06-21 00:00:00.000
2019-07-19 00:00:00.000

225704493
1450216
38
2019-08-30 00:00:00.000
2019-12-11 00:00:00.000

ContractId	PartnerId	DocumentState	DealsDate	ActualCloseDate
119577922	1450216	38	2016-04-21 00:00:00.000	2017-08-01 00:00:00.000
222138372	1450216	38	2017-11-22 00:00:00.000	2019-04-01 00:00:00.000
223328932	1450216	38	2018-07-30 00:00:00.000	2018-11-19 00:00:00.000
224263667	1450216	38	2019-01-15 00:00:00.000	2019-04-19 00:00:00.000
225286013	1450216	38	2019-06-21 00:00:00.000	2019-07-19 00:00:00.000
225704493	1450216	38	2019-08-30 00:00:00.000	2019-12-11 00:00:00.000