SQL Server 2019

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CREATE TABLE SomeTable (
   column1 int
   , column2 int
   , column3 int
   , column4 int
   , column5 int
)

CREATE TABLE SomeTable_Debug (
  id int identity
   , createdDate datetime
   , column1 int
   , column2 int
   , column3 int
   , column4 int
   , column5 int
)


INSERT INTO SomeTable
VALUES
(1,2,3,4,5)
, (2,3,4,5,1)
, (3,4,5,1,2)
, (4,5,1,2,3)
, (5,1,2,3,4)
;
5 rows affected

-- Simulate procedure execution 1
DECLARE @param1 int = 1
  , @param2 int = 22
  , @param3 int = 3
  , @param4 int = 4
  , @param5 int = 5

SELECT  TOP 1 *
FROM    SomeTable
WHERE   column1 = @param1 
AND     column2 = @param2
AND     column3 = @param3 
AND     column4 = @param4
ORDER BY column1
;    

IF @@ROWCOUNT = 0
BEGIN
     INSERT INTO SomeTable_Debug( createdDate, column1, column2, column3, column4, column5)
     VALUES (getDate(), @param1, @param2, @param3, @param4, @param5)
END



column1
column2
column3
column4
column5


-- Simulate procedure execution 2
DECLARE @param1 int = 1
  , @param2 int = 22
  , @param3 int = 3
  , @param4 int = 4
  , @param5 int = 56

SELECT  TOP 1 *
FROM    SomeTable
WHERE   column1 = @param1 
AND     column2 = @param2
AND     column3 = @param3 
AND     column4 = @param4
ORDER BY column1
;    

IF @@ROWCOUNT = 0
BEGIN
     INSERT INTO SomeTable_Debug( createdDate, column1, column2, column3, column4, column5)
     VALUES (getDate(), @param1, @param2, @param3, @param4, @param5)
END


column1
column2
column3
column4
column5


-- demo results
SELECT *
       , (SELECT 1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM SomeTable st WHERE st.column1 = d.column1)) AS Matches_Column1
       , (SELECT 1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM SomeTable st WHERE st.column2 = d.column2)) AS Matches_Column2
       , (SELECT 1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM SomeTable st WHERE st.column3 = d.column3)) AS Matches_Column3
       , (SELECT 1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM SomeTable st WHERE st.column4 = d.column4)) AS Matches_Column4
       , (SELECT 1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT NULL FROM SomeTable st WHERE st.column5 = d.column5)) AS Matches_Column5
FROM   SomeTable_Debug d


id
createdDate
column1
column2
column3
column4
column5
Matches_Column1
Matches_Column2
Matches_Column3
Matches_Column4
Matches_Column5


1
2022-04-18 16:57:56.643
1
22
3
4
5
null
1
null
null
null

2
2022-04-18 16:57:56.643
1
22
3
4
56
null
1
null
null
1

id	createdDate	column1	column2	column3	column4	column5	Matches_Column1	Matches_Column2	Matches_Column3	Matches_Column4	Matches_Column5
1	2022-04-18 16:57:56.643	1	22	3	4	5	null	1	null	null	null
2	2022-04-18 16:57:56.643	1	22	3	4	56	null	1	null	null	1