SQL Server 2017

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create table t (id int identity(1, 1) primary key, val int, check (val > 0))
-- succeeds
insert t(val) values (3)
1 rows affected

-- fails
insert t(val) values (-1)
Msg 547 Level 16 State 0 Line 2
The INSERT statement conflicted with the CHECK constraint "CK__t__val__36B12243". The conflict occurred in database "fiddle_7ca8ea4eeb514c7d9b88c284ce456038", table "dbo.t", column 'val'.
Msg 3621 Level 0 State 0 Line 2
The statement has been terminated.

-- succeeds
insert into t(val) values (5)
1 rows affected

-- gap in sequence
select *
from t


id
val


1
3

3
5


-- bad value in a list
insert into t (val) values (1), (2), (10), (0), (5)
Msg 547 Level 16 State 0 Line 2
The INSERT statement conflicted with the CHECK constraint "CK__t__val__36B12243". The conflict occurred in database "fiddle_7ca8ea4eeb514c7d9b88c284ce456038", table "dbo.t", column 'val'.
Msg 3621 Level 0 State 0 Line 2
The statement has been terminated.

-- nothing inserted
select *
from t


id
val


1
3

3
5