Oracle 18c

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CREATE TABLE sample ( argument CLOB CHECK ( argument IS JSON ) );
INSERT INTO sample ( argument ) VALUES ( '{
 "arguments":{
    "app.argument1.appId":["123", "456"],
    "app.argument2.testId":["546", "567"]
 }
}');
1 rows affected

select *
from   sample
where  json_exists(
         argument,
         '$.arguments."app.argument1.appId"[*]?(@ == "123")'
       );


ARGUMENT


{
 "arguments":{
    "app.argument1.appId":["123", "456"],
    "app.argument2.testId":["546", "567"]
 }
}