SQL Server 2017

By using db<>fiddle, you agree to license everything you submit by Creative Commons CC0.

WITH temptable AS (
    SELECT '001' AS [INTERVAL], 1.2000 AS [Volume] UNION ALL
    SELECT '002', 1.2000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '003', 1.2000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '004', 1.7000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '005', 1.9000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '006', 1.9000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '007', 1.8000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '008', 1.9000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '009', 2.2000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '010', 1.8000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '011', 2.0000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '012', 1.7000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '013', 1.5000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '014', 1.5000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '015', 1.3000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '016', 1.6000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '017', 1.7000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '018', 2.0000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '019', 2.0000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '020', 2.2000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '021', 2.0000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '022', 2.2000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '023', 1.9000 UNION ALL
    SELECT '024', 1.4000
),
minutes AS (
    SELECT 0 AS minute UNION ALL
    SELECT 15 UNION ALL
    SELECT 30 UNION ALL
    SELECT 45
)

SELECT
    t.[INTERVAL] + ':' + RIGHT('00' + CAST(m.minute AS VARCHAR(2)), 2) AS time,
    t.[Volume] / 4.0 AS [Volume]
FROM temptable t
CROSS JOIN minutes m
ORDER BY
    t.[INTERVAL],
    m.minute;

time	Volume
001:00	0.3000000
001:15	0.3000000
001:30	0.3000000
001:45	0.3000000
002:00	0.3000000
002:15	0.3000000
002:30	0.3000000
002:45	0.3000000
003:00	0.3000000
003:15	0.3000000
003:30	0.3000000
003:45	0.3000000
004:00	0.4250000
004:15	0.4250000
004:30	0.4250000
004:45	0.4250000
005:00	0.4750000
005:15	0.4750000
005:30	0.4750000
005:45	0.4750000
006:00	0.4750000
006:15	0.4750000
006:30	0.4750000
006:45	0.4750000
007:00	0.4500000
007:15	0.4500000
007:30	0.4500000
007:45	0.4500000
008:00	0.4750000
008:15	0.4750000
008:30	0.4750000
008:45	0.4750000
009:00	0.5500000
009:15	0.5500000
009:30	0.5500000
009:45	0.5500000
010:00	0.4500000
010:15	0.4500000
010:30	0.4500000
010:45	0.4500000
011:00	0.5000000
011:15	0.5000000
011:30	0.5000000
011:45	0.5000000
012:00	0.4250000
012:15	0.4250000
012:30	0.4250000
012:45	0.4250000
013:00	0.3750000
013:15	0.3750000
013:30	0.3750000
013:45	0.3750000
014:00	0.3750000
014:15	0.3750000
014:30	0.3750000
014:45	0.3750000
015:00	0.3250000
015:15	0.3250000
015:30	0.3250000
015:45	0.3250000
016:00	0.4000000
016:15	0.4000000
016:30	0.4000000
016:45	0.4000000
017:00	0.4250000
017:15	0.4250000
017:30	0.4250000
017:45	0.4250000
018:00	0.5000000
018:15	0.5000000
018:30	0.5000000
018:45	0.5000000
019:00	0.5000000
019:15	0.5000000
019:30	0.5000000
019:45	0.5000000
020:00	0.5500000
020:15	0.5500000
020:30	0.5500000
020:45	0.5500000
021:00	0.5000000
021:15	0.5000000
021:30	0.5000000
021:45	0.5000000
022:00	0.5500000
022:15	0.5500000
022:30	0.5500000
022:45	0.5500000
023:00	0.4750000
023:15	0.4750000
023:30	0.4750000
023:45	0.4750000
024:00	0.3500000
024:15	0.3500000
024:30	0.3500000
024:45	0.3500000