SQL Server 2019

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select *
into t
from (values (1950, 0.1), (1951, 0.2), (1952, 0.3)) v(year, yield)
3 rows affected

with tt as (
      select t.*, row_number() over (order by year) as seqnum
      from t
     ),
     cte as (
      select tt.year, convert(float, tt.yield) as yield, tt.seqnum
      from tt
      where seqnum = 1
      union all
      select tt.year, (tt.yield  + 1) * (cte.yield + 1) - 1, tt.seqnum
      from cte join
           tt
           on tt.seqnum = cte.seqnum + 1
     )
select cte.*
from cte


year
yield
seqnum


1950
0.1
1

1951
0.32
2

1952
0.716
3


select t.*,
       exp(sum(log(1 + yield)) over (order by year)) - 1
from t


year
yield
(No column name)


1950
0.1
0.1

1951
0.2
0.32

1952
0.3
0.716