MySQL 8.0

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CREATE TABLE YourTable
    (`patientId` int, `detailId` int, `value` varchar(10))
;
    
INSERT INTO YourTable
    (`patientId`, `detailId`, `value`)
VALUES
    (123456, 75, '01'),
    (123456, 89, '12/01/2022'),
    (123456, 151, '03'),
    (123456, 215, '56813'),
    (678910, 75, '01'),
    (678910, 203, '12/01/2022'),
    (678910, 151, '03'),
    (678910, 215, '56813')
;
-- show all
SELECT * 
FROM   YourTable


patientId
detailId
value


123456
75
01

123456
89
12/01/2022

123456
151
03

123456
215
56813

678910
75
01

678910
203
12/01/2022

678910
151
03

678910
215
56813


WITH cte AS (
    SELECT * 
           , ROW_NUMBER() OVER(
                 PARTITION BY PatientId 
                 ORDER BY DetailID DESC
            ) AS RowNum
    FROM   YourTable
    WHERE  DetailId IN (75, 151, 203)
)
SELECT * 
FROM   cte 
WHERE  RowNum = 1


patientId
detailId
value
RowNum


123456
151
03
1

678910
203
12/01/2022
1

patientId	detailId	value
123456	75	01
123456	89	12/01/2022
123456	151	03
123456	215	56813
678910	75	01
678910	203	12/01/2022
678910	151	03
678910	215	56813