Postgres 14

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CREATE TABLE relation_tuple_transaction (
    id BIGSERIAL NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    timestamp TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    CONSTRAINT pk_rttx PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
-- CREATE INDEX ix_relation_tuple_transaction_by_timestamp on relation_tuple_transaction using brin(id, timestamp);
CREATE INDEX ix_relation_tuple_transaction_by_timestamp on relation_tuple_transaction(timestamp);

CREATE TABLE

CREATE INDEX

INSERT INTO relation_tuple_transaction(timestamp) SELECT * FROM generate_series
        ( now() - interval '3 days'
        , now()
        , '1 second'::interval) dd
        ;

INSERT 0 259201

EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT MIN(id), MAX(id) from relation_tuple_transaction WHERE timestamp >= now() - interval '5 seconds';

QUERY PLAN

Result  (cost=1.19..1.20 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=103.116..103.118 rows=1 loops=1)

  InitPlan 1 (returns $0)

    ->  Limit  (cost=0.42..0.59 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=103.049..103.050 rows=1 loops=1)

          ->  Index Scan using pk_rttx on relation_tuple_transaction  (cost=0.42..14904.25 rows=86024 width=8) (actual time=102.906..102.906 rows=1 loops=1)

                Index Cond: (id IS NOT NULL)

                Filter: ("timestamp" >= (now() - '00:00:05'::interval))

                Rows Removed by Filter: 259199

  InitPlan 2 (returns $1)

    ->  Limit  (cost=0.42..0.59 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=0.057..0.057 rows=1 loops=1)

          ->  Index Scan Backward using pk_rttx on relation_tuple_transaction relation_tuple_transaction_1  (cost=0.42..14904.25 rows=86024 width=8) (actual time=0.055..0.056 rows=1 loops=1)

                Index Cond: (id IS NOT NULL)

                Filter: ("timestamp" >= (now() - '00:00:05'::interval))

Planning Time: 1.987 ms

Execution Time: 103.342 ms

EXPLAIN

vacuum analyze;

VACUUM

PREPARE ts_range (TIMESTAMP) AS SELECT MIN(id), MAX(id) from relation_tuple_transaction WHERE timestamp >= $1;

PREPARE

EXPLAIN ANALYZE
EXECUTE ts_range(now() - interval '5 seconds');

QUERY PLAN

Aggregate  (cost=8.46..8.47 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=0.287..0.289 rows=1 loops=1)

  ->  Index Scan using ix_relation_tuple_transaction_by_timestamp on relation_tuple_transaction  (cost=0.42..8.46 rows=2 width=8) (actual time=0.011..0.013 rows=2 loops=1)

        Index Cond: ("timestamp" >= '2025-10-01 16:26:31.124427'::timestamp without time zone)

Planning Time: 1.075 ms

Execution Time: 1.246 ms

EXPLAIN

EXPLAIN ANALYZE
EXECUTE ts_range(now() - interval '5 seconds');

QUERY PLAN

Aggregate  (cost=8.46..8.47 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=0.011..0.012 rows=1 loops=1)

  ->  Index Scan using ix_relation_tuple_transaction_by_timestamp on relation_tuple_transaction  (cost=0.42..8.46 rows=2 width=8) (actual time=0.007..0.008 rows=2 loops=1)

        Index Cond: ("timestamp" >= '2025-10-01 16:26:31.127392'::timestamp without time zone)

Planning Time: 0.346 ms

Execution Time: 0.031 ms

EXPLAIN

EXPLAIN ANALYZE
EXECUTE ts_range(now() - interval '5 seconds');

QUERY PLAN

Aggregate  (cost=8.46..8.47 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=0.011..0.012 rows=1 loops=1)

  ->  Index Scan using ix_relation_tuple_transaction_by_timestamp on relation_tuple_transaction  (cost=0.42..8.46 rows=2 width=8) (actual time=0.007..0.008 rows=2 loops=1)

        Index Cond: ("timestamp" >= '2025-10-01 16:26:31.127958'::timestamp without time zone)

Planning Time: 0.302 ms

Execution Time: 0.045 ms

EXPLAIN

EXPLAIN ANALYZE
EXECUTE ts_range(now() - interval '5 seconds');

QUERY PLAN

Aggregate  (cost=8.46..8.47 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=0.012..0.012 rows=1 loops=1)

  ->  Index Scan using ix_relation_tuple_transaction_by_timestamp on relation_tuple_transaction  (cost=0.42..8.46 rows=2 width=8) (actual time=0.007..0.008 rows=2 loops=1)

        Index Cond: ("timestamp" >= '2025-10-01 16:26:31.128604'::timestamp without time zone)

Planning Time: 0.482 ms

Execution Time: 0.030 ms

EXPLAIN

EXPLAIN ANALYZE
EXECUTE ts_range(now() - interval '5 seconds');

QUERY PLAN

Aggregate  (cost=8.46..8.47 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=0.010..0.010 rows=1 loops=1)

  ->  Index Scan using ix_relation_tuple_transaction_by_timestamp on relation_tuple_transaction  (cost=0.42..8.46 rows=2 width=8) (actual time=0.006..0.007 rows=2 loops=1)

        Index Cond: ("timestamp" >= '2025-10-01 16:26:31.129401'::timestamp without time zone)

Planning Time: 0.265 ms

Execution Time: 0.027 ms

EXPLAIN

EXPLAIN ANALYZE
EXECUTE ts_range(now() - interval '5 seconds');

QUERY PLAN

Result  (cost=1.06..1.07 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=61.736..61.738 rows=1 loops=1)

  InitPlan 1 (returns $0)

    ->  Limit  (cost=0.42..0.53 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=61.701..61.702 rows=1 loops=1)

          ->  Index Scan using pk_rttx on relation_tuple_transaction  (cost=0.42..9445.44 rows=86400 width=8) (actual time=61.699..61.699 rows=1 loops=1)

                Index Cond: (id IS NOT NULL)

                Filter: ("timestamp" >= $1)

                Rows Removed by Filter: 259199

  InitPlan 2 (returns $1)

    ->  Limit  (cost=0.42..0.53 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=0.028..0.029 rows=1 loops=1)

          ->  Index Scan Backward using pk_rttx on relation_tuple_transaction relation_tuple_transaction_1  (cost=0.42..9445.44 rows=86400 width=8) (actual time=0.027..0.027 rows=1 loops=1)

                Index Cond: (id IS NOT NULL)

                Filter: ("timestamp" >= $1)

Planning Time: 0.459 ms

Execution Time: 61.764 ms

EXPLAIN