Postgres 12

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CREATE TABLE issues(product text PRIMARY KEY, fields jsonb);

INSERT INTO issues VALUES
  ('AAA', jsonb '{"customfield_01":[
      {
         "id":1303,
         "name":"AAA - 1.82.0",
         "state":"closed",
         "boardId":137,
         "endDate":"2021-10-15T10:00:00.000Z",
         "startDate":"2021-10-04T01:00:01.495Z",
         "completeDate":"2021-10-18T03:02:55.824Z"
      },
      {
         "id":1304,
         "name":"AAA - 1.83.0",
         "state":"active",
         "boardId":137,
         "endDate":"2021-10-29T10:00:00.000Z",
         "startDate":"2021-10-18T01:00:24.324Z"
      }
   ]}'
   )
 , ('BBB', jsonb '{"customfield_01":[
      {
         "id":1303,
         "name":"BBB - 1.83.0",
         "state":"closed",
         "boardId":137,
         "endDate":"2021-10-15T10:00:00.000Z",
         "startDate":"2021-10-04T01:00:01.495Z",
         "completeDate":"2021-10-18T03:02:55.824Z"
      },
      {
         "id":1304,
         "name":"BBB - 1.82.0",
         "state":"active",
         "boardId":137,
         "endDate":"2021-10-29T10:00:00.000Z",
         "startDate":"2021-10-18T01:00:24.324Z"
      },
      {
         "id":1305,
         "name":"BBB - 1.84.0",
         "state":"active",
         "boardId":137,
         "endDate":"2021-10-29T10:00:00.000Z",
         "startDate":"2021-10-18T01:00:24.324Z"
      }
   ]}'
   );
2 rows affected

SELECT product, max(version) AS latest_version
FROM   issues -- product.issues;
     , jsonb_array_elements_text(jsonb_path_query_array(fields, '$.customfield_01.name')) AS version 
GROUP  BY 1
ORDER  BY 1;


product
latest_version


AAA
AAA - 1.83.0

BBB
BBB - 1.84.0


SELECT product, max(version ->> 'name') AS latest_version
FROM   issues
     , jsonb_array_elements(fields -> 'customfield_01') AS version
GROUP  BY 1
ORDER  BY 1;


product
latest_version


AAA
AAA - 1.83.0

BBB
BBB - 1.84.0


-- extract version number and treat it numerically
SELECT i.product, v.*
FROM   issues i
LEFT   JOIN LATERAL (
   SELECT version ->> 'name' AS version, string_to_array(split_part(version ->> 'name', ' - ', 2), '.')::int[] AS numeric_order
   FROM   jsonb_array_elements(i.fields -> 'customfield_01') AS version
   ORDER  BY 2 DESC NULLS LAST
   LIMIT  1
   ) v ON true;


product
version
numeric_order


AAA
AAA - 1.83.0
{1,83,0}

BBB
BBB - 1.84.0
{1,84,0}