SQL Server 2017

By using db<>fiddle, you agree to license everything you submit by Creative Commons CC0.

declare @TabelWithBarcodes table (id int primary key identity(1,1), barcode varchar(20) not null, unique (barcode));

insert into @TabelWithBarcodes (barcode) values
('A2-2-3'),('A2-2-2'),('A2-2-1'),('A2-10-3'),('A2-10-2'),('A2-10-1'),('A2-1-3'),('A2-1-2'),('A2-1-1')
,('A10-2-3'),('A10-2-2'),('A10-2-10'),('A10-1-3'),('A10-1-2'),('A10-1-1')
,('A1-7'),('A1-2-3'),('A1-2-12'),('A1-2-1'),('A1-1-3'),('A1-1-2'),('A1-1-1'),('A1'),('A10-10-1'),('A12-10-1'), ('AB1-2-E1')

;with cte as 
(
   select barcode
   , case 
       when barcode like '%-%' then 
           substring(barcode,1,charindex('-',barcode)-1) 
       else 
           barcode 
       end part1
   , case 
       when barcode like '%-%' then 
           substring(barcode, charindex('-',barcode) + 1, case 
               when barcode like '%-%-%' then 
                   (charindex('-',barcode,charindex('-',barcode) + 1)) - 1 
               else 
                   len(barcode) 
               end 
           - charindex('-',barcode))
       else 
           '' 
       end part2
   , case 
       when barcode like '%-%-%' then 
           right(barcode,charindex('-',reverse(barcode))-1) --note: assumes you don't have %-%-%-%
       else 
           '' 
       end part3 
   from @TabelWithBarcodes
)
select barcode
, part1, part2, part3
, right('0000000000' + coalesce(part1,''), 10) lpad1
, right('0000000000' + coalesce(part2,''), 10) lpad2
, right('0000000000' + coalesce(part3,''), 10) lpad3
from cte
order by lpad1, lpad2, lpad3

barcode	part1	part2	part3	lpad1	lpad2	lpad3
A1	A1			00000000A1	0000000000	0000000000
A1-1-1	A1	1	1	00000000A1	0000000001	0000000001
A1-1-2	A1	1	2	00000000A1	0000000001	0000000002
A1-1-3	A1	1	3	00000000A1	0000000001	0000000003
A1-2-1	A1	2	1	00000000A1	0000000002	0000000001
A1-2-3	A1	2	3	00000000A1	0000000002	0000000003
A1-2-12	A1	2	12	00000000A1	0000000002	0000000012
A1-7	A1	7		00000000A1	0000000007	0000000000
A2-1-1	A2	1	1	00000000A2	0000000001	0000000001
A2-1-2	A2	1	2	00000000A2	0000000001	0000000002
A2-1-3	A2	1	3	00000000A2	0000000001	0000000003
A2-2-1	A2	2	1	00000000A2	0000000002	0000000001
A2-2-2	A2	2	2	00000000A2	0000000002	0000000002
A2-2-3	A2	2	3	00000000A2	0000000002	0000000003
A2-10-1	A2	10	1	00000000A2	0000000010	0000000001
A2-10-2	A2	10	2	00000000A2	0000000010	0000000002
A2-10-3	A2	10	3	00000000A2	0000000010	0000000003
A10-1-1	A10	1	1	0000000A10	0000000001	0000000001
A10-1-2	A10	1	2	0000000A10	0000000001	0000000002
A10-1-3	A10	1	3	0000000A10	0000000001	0000000003
A10-2-2	A10	2	2	0000000A10	0000000002	0000000002
A10-2-3	A10	2	3	0000000A10	0000000002	0000000003
A10-2-10	A10	2	10	0000000A10	0000000002	0000000010
A10-10-1	A10	10	1	0000000A10	0000000010	0000000001
A12-10-1	A12	10	1	0000000A12	0000000010	0000000001
AB1-2-E1	AB1	2	E1	0000000AB1	0000000002	00000000E1