SQL Server 2019

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CREATE TABLE #t(ID int PRIMARY KEY, StartYear int, Interval int);

INSERT #t(ID, StartYear, Interval) VALUES
(1,2020,3),
(2,2019,4),
(3,2020,5),
(4,2019,2),
(5,2020,2);

-- input params
DECLARE @StartYear       int = 2019, 
        @CompareInterval int = 3;
        
-- local variables
DECLARE @LimitOfRange int = 100; -- to keep recursion <= 100!

-- recursive CTE to derive full set of comparison dates
;WITH CompareDates(Lvl, TheYear) AS
(
  SELECT Lvl = 0, @StartYear
  UNION ALL
  SELECT Lvl + 1, @StartYear + (Lvl + 1)*@CompareInterval
  FROM CompareDates
  WHERE Lvl < @LimitOfRange / @CompareInterval
),
-- to derive set of execution dates for each ID
TableDates AS
(
  SELECT ID, Lvl = 0, TheYear = StartYear, Interval
  FROM #t
  UNION ALL
  SELECT ID, Lvl + 1, TheYear + (Lvl + 1)*Interval, Interval
  FROM TableDates
  WHERE Lvl < @LimitOfRange / Interval
)
SELECT td.ID, 
       TheYear = MIN(td.TheYear), 
       td.Interval
       --, FirstHit_ForSanityCheck = MIN(cd.TheYear)
FROM CompareDates AS cd
INNER JOIN TableDates AS td
ON cd.TheYear = td.TheYear
GROUP BY td.ID, td.Interval
ORDER BY td.ID;

ID	TheYear	Interval
2	2019	4
3	2025	5
4	2019	2
5	2022	2