SQL Server 2017

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with t as (
      select v.*
      from (values ('3/1151---------366-500-2570533-1'), 
                   ('9/6809---------------------368-510-1872009-1'), 
                   ('1-260752-305-154----------------154-200-260752-1--------154-800-13557-1'),
                   ('2397/35425---------------------------------377-500-3224575-1')
           ) v(str)
     )
select t.*, ss.value
from t cross apply
     (values (replace(replace(replace(replace(replace(t.str, '--', '><'), '<>', ''), '><', '|'), '|-', '|'), '-|', '|'))
     ) v(str_sep) cross apply
     string_split(v.str_sep, '|') ss
where ss.value like '%-%-%-%' and
      ss.value not like '%-%-%-%-%' and
      (ss.value like '[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9]' or
       ss.value like '[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9]' or
       ss.value like '[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9]' or
       ss.value like '[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9]' or
       ss.value like '[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9]' or
       ss.value like '[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9]'
      )

str	value
3/1151---------366-500-2570533-1	366-500-2570533-1
9/6809---------------------368-510-1872009-1	368-510-1872009-1
1-260752-305-154----------------154-200-260752-1--------154-800-13557-1	154-200-260752-1
1-260752-305-154----------------154-200-260752-1--------154-800-13557-1	154-800-13557-1
2397/35425---------------------------------377-500-3224575-1	377-500-3224575-1