MySQL 5.5

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CREATE TABLE users (
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(50),
lat DECIMAL(9,5),
lng DECIMAL(9,5)
);
INSERT INTO users (name, lat, lng) VALUES
("Madeira Beach, FL, USA", 27.798244, -82.798462),
("Hoboken, NJ, USA",40.745255, -74.034775),
("Port Hueneme, CA, USA",34.155834, -119.202789),
("Auburn, NY, USA",42.933334, -76.566666),
("Jamestown, NY, USA",42.095554, -79.238609),
("Fulton, MO, USA",38.846668, -91.948059),
("Bedford, OH, USA",41.392502, -81.534447),
("Stuart, FL, USA",27.192223, -80.243057),
("San Angelo, TX, USA",31.442778, -100.450279),
("Woodbridge, NJ, USA",40.560001, -74.290001),
("Vista, CA, USA",33.193611, -117.241112);
SELECT name, latTo, lngTo, latFrom, lngFrom, dist
FROM (
  SELECT name, latTo, lngTo, latFrom, lngFrom,
    DEGREES(acos(
      sin(RADIANS(latFrom)) * sin(RADIANS(latTo)) +  
      cos(RADIANS(latFrom)) * cos(RADIANS(latTo)) * 
      cos(RADIANS(lngFrom - lngTo))
    )) as dist
  FROM (
    SELECT u1.name, u1.lat as latTo, u1.lng as lngTo, 
      u2.lat as latFrom, u2.lng as lngFrom
    FROM users u1
    JOIN (
      SELECT name, lat, lng FROM users WHERE name = 'Madeira Beach, FL, USA'
    ) u2 ON u1.name <> u2.name
  ) z
) y ORDER BY dist


name
latTo
lngTo
latFrom
lngFrom
dist


Stuart, FL, USA
27.19222
-80.24306
27.79824
-82.79846
2.3463202290996596

Fulton, MO, USA
38.84667
-91.94806
27.79824
-82.79846
13.418809134078783

Bedford, OH, USA
41.39250
-81.53445
27.79824
-82.79846
13.633568363623397

Woodbridge, NJ, USA
40.56000
-74.29000
27.79824
-82.79846
14.556459957590643

Jamestown, NY, USA
42.09555
-79.23861
27.79824
-82.79846
14.588259187693476

Hoboken, NJ, USA
40.74526
-74.03478
27.79824
-82.79846
14.815703761908505

San Angelo, TX, USA
31.44278
-100.45028
27.79824
-82.79846
15.75241345402397

Auburn, NY, USA
42.93333
-76.56667
27.79824
-82.79846
15.953339579727567

Vista, CA, USA
33.19361
-117.24111
27.79824
-82.79846
30.02604420099789

Port Hueneme, CA, USA
34.15583
-119.20279
27.79824
-82.79846
31.679755726675094


SELECT name, latTo, lngTo, latFrom, lngFrom, dist
FROM (
  SELECT name, latTo, lngTo, latFrom, lngFrom,
    DEGREES(acos(
      sin(RADIANS(latFrom)) * sin(RADIANS(latTo)) +  
      cos(RADIANS(latFrom)) * cos(RADIANS(latTo)) * 
      cos(RADIANS(lngFrom - lngTo))
    )) as dist
  FROM (
    SELECT u1.name, u1.lat as latTo, u1.lng as lngTo, 
      u2.lat as latFrom, u2.lng as lngFrom
    FROM users u1
    JOIN (
      SELECT name, lat, lng FROM users WHERE name = 'Madeira Beach, FL, USA'
    ) u2 ON u1.name <> u2.name
  ) z
) y ORDER BY dist LIMIT 1


name
latTo
lngTo
latFrom
lngFrom
dist


Stuart, FL, USA
27.19222
-80.24306
27.79824
-82.79846
2.3463202290996596

name	latTo	lngTo	latFrom	lngFrom	dist
Stuart, FL, USA	27.19222	-80.24306	27.79824	-82.79846	2.3463202290996596
Fulton, MO, USA	38.84667	-91.94806	27.79824	-82.79846	13.418809134078783
Bedford, OH, USA	41.39250	-81.53445	27.79824	-82.79846	13.633568363623397
Woodbridge, NJ, USA	40.56000	-74.29000	27.79824	-82.79846	14.556459957590643
Jamestown, NY, USA	42.09555	-79.23861	27.79824	-82.79846	14.588259187693476
Hoboken, NJ, USA	40.74526	-74.03478	27.79824	-82.79846	14.815703761908505
San Angelo, TX, USA	31.44278	-100.45028	27.79824	-82.79846	15.75241345402397
Auburn, NY, USA	42.93333	-76.56667	27.79824	-82.79846	15.953339579727567
Vista, CA, USA	33.19361	-117.24111	27.79824	-82.79846	30.02604420099789
Port Hueneme, CA, USA	34.15583	-119.20279	27.79824	-82.79846	31.679755726675094