Postgres 11

By using db<>fiddle, you agree to license everything you submit by Creative Commons CC0.
CREATE TABLE mytable( columnsettings JSONB )

CREATE TABLE


INSERT INTO mytable 
VALUES('[
    {
        "data": "id",
        "width": 25
    },
    {
        "data": "field_1",
        "width": 125
    },
    {
        "data": "field_3",
        "hide": true,
        "width": 170
    },
    {
        "data": "addedby",
        "width": 178
    },
    {
        "data": "field_67",
        "width": 125,
        "hide": true
    }
]'::JSONB)

INSERT 0 1


SELECT JSONB_PRETTY( JSONB_AGG(jsdata) ) AS result
  FROM ( SELECT JSONB_ARRAY_ELEMENTS( columnsettings ) - 'hide' AS jsdata
           FROM mytable ) AS t


result


[
    {
        "data": "id",
        "width": 25
    },
    {
        "data": "field_1",
        "width": 125
    },
    {
        "data": "field_3",
        "width": 170
    },
    {
        "data": "addedby",
        "width": 178
    },
    {
        "data": "field_67",
        "width": 125
    }
]



SELECT 1


UPDATE mytable
   SET columnsettings = ( SELECT JSONB_AGG(jsdata)
                           FROM ( SELECT JSONB_ARRAY_ELEMENTS( columnsettings ) 
                                      - 'hide' AS jsdata
                                    FROM mytable ) AS t )

UPDATE 1


SELECT JSONB_PRETTY( columnsettings ) AS result
  FROM mytable


result


[
    {
        "data": "id",
        "width": 25
    },
    {
        "data": "field_1",
        "width": 125
    },
    {
        "data": "field_3",
        "width": 170
    },
    {
        "data": "addedby",
        "width": 178
    },
    {
        "data": "field_67",
        "width": 125
    }
]



SELECT 1