SQL Server 2019

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CREATE TABLE dbo.Numbers(n int PRIMARY KEY);

INSERT dbo.Numbers(n) SELECT rn FROM
(
  SELECT TOP (100000) rn = ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY s1.name)
    FROM sys.all_objects AS s1
    CROSS JOIN sys.all_objects AS s2
    ORDER BY s1.name
) AS x;
100000 rows affected

create table #temp (ID int, beg int, ending int);

insert into #temp(ID, beg, ending) values 
(1, 1, 5),(2, 2, 8),(3, 1, 3);
3 rows affected

SELECT t.ID, [Values] = n.n
  FROM #temp AS t
  INNER JOIN dbo.Numbers AS n
  ON n.n BETWEEN t.beg AND t.ending;


ID
Values


1
1

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
5

2
2

2
3

2
4

2
5

2
6

2
7

2
8

3
1

3
2

3
3