Postgres 11

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create table map (divisions jsonb, divisions2 jsonb, id int)
insert into map (id, divisions)
select 1, '{"continents":[
   {
       "id": 1,
       "name": "North America",
       "countries": [
           {
               "id": 1,
               "name": "USA",
               "subdivisions": [
                  {
                     "id": 1,
                     "name": "Oregon",
                     "type": "SOME_TYPE"
                  }
               ]
           },
           {
               "id": 2,
               "name": "Canada",
               "subdivisions": [
                  {
                     "id": 1,
                     "name": "Canada",
                     "type": "SOME_TYPE"
                  }
               ]
           }            
       ]
   },
    {
       "id": 2,
       "name": "Europe",
       "countries": [
           {
               "id": 1,
               "name": "Netherlands",
               "subdivisions": [
                  {
                     "id": 1,
                     "name": "Zuid Holland",
                     "type": "SOME_TYPE"
                  }
               ]
           }            
       ]
   }
]}'::jsonb union all
select 2, '{"continents":[
   {
       "id": 3,
       "name": "Asia",
       "countries": [
           {
               "id": 1,
               "name": "China",
               "subdivisions": [
                  {
                     "id": 1,
                     "name": "China",
                     "type": "SOME_TYPE"
                  }
               ]
           }
       ]
   }
]}'::jsonb
2 rows affected

update map set divisions2 = divisions
2 rows affected

update map set
    divisions = jsonb_set(divisions, array['continents'],
        (select
            jsonb_agg(jsonb_set(
                d, array['countries'],
                (select 
                    jsonb_agg(jsonb_set(
                        c, array['subdivisions'],
                        (select
                            jsonb_agg(jsonb_set(s, array['type'], '"STATE"', FALSE))
                        from jsonb_array_elements(c -> 'subdivisions') as s),
                        FALSE
                    ))
                from jsonb_array_elements(d -> 'countries') as c)
            ))
        from jsonb_array_elements(divisions -> 'continents') as d),
        FALSE
    )
2 rows affected

select * from map


divisions
divisions2
id


{"continents": [{"id": 1, "name": "North America", "countries": [{"id": 1, "name": "USA", "subdivisions": [{"id": 1, "name": "Oregon", "type": "STATE"}]}, {"id": 2, "name": "Canada", "subdivisions": [{"id": 1, "name": "Canada", "type": "STATE"}]}]}, {"id": 2, "name": "Europe", "countries": [{"id": 1, "name": "Netherlands", "subdivisions": [{"id": 1, "name": "Zuid Holland", "type": "STATE"}]}]}]}
{"continents": [{"id": 1, "name": "North America", "countries": [{"id": 1, "name": "USA", "subdivisions": [{"id": 1, "name": "Oregon", "type": "SOME_TYPE"}]}, {"id": 2, "name": "Canada", "subdivisions": [{"id": 1, "name": "Canada", "type": "SOME_TYPE"}]}]}, {"id": 2, "name": "Europe", "countries": [{"id": 1, "name": "Netherlands", "subdivisions": [{"id": 1, "name": "Zuid Holland", "type": "SOME_TYPE"}]}]}]}
1

{"continents": [{"id": 3, "name": "Asia", "countries": [{"id": 1, "name": "China", "subdivisions": [{"id": 1, "name": "China", "type": "STATE"}]}]}]}
{"continents": [{"id": 3, "name": "Asia", "countries": [{"id": 1, "name": "China", "subdivisions": [{"id": 1, "name": "China", "type": "SOME_TYPE"}]}]}]}
2

divisions	divisions2	id
{"continents": [{"id": 1, "name": "North America", "countries": [{"id": 1, "name": "USA", "subdivisions": [{"id": 1, "name": "Oregon", "type": "STATE"}]}, {"id": 2, "name": "Canada", "subdivisions": [{"id": 1, "name": "Canada", "type": "STATE"}]}]}, {"id": 2, "name": "Europe", "countries": [{"id": 1, "name": "Netherlands", "subdivisions": [{"id": 1, "name": "Zuid Holland", "type": "STATE"}]}]}]}	{"continents": [{"id": 1, "name": "North America", "countries": [{"id": 1, "name": "USA", "subdivisions": [{"id": 1, "name": "Oregon", "type": "SOME_TYPE"}]}, {"id": 2, "name": "Canada", "subdivisions": [{"id": 1, "name": "Canada", "type": "SOME_TYPE"}]}]}, {"id": 2, "name": "Europe", "countries": [{"id": 1, "name": "Netherlands", "subdivisions": [{"id": 1, "name": "Zuid Holland", "type": "SOME_TYPE"}]}]}]}	1
{"continents": [{"id": 3, "name": "Asia", "countries": [{"id": 1, "name": "China", "subdivisions": [{"id": 1, "name": "China", "type": "STATE"}]}]}]}	{"continents": [{"id": 3, "name": "Asia", "countries": [{"id": 1, "name": "China", "subdivisions": [{"id": 1, "name": "China", "type": "SOME_TYPE"}]}]}]}	2