MySQL 8.0

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create table foo (
id int auto_increment primary key, 
foo int
);
insert into foo (foo) values (21);

create table bar (
id int auto_increment primary key, 
bar int
);
insert into bar (bar) values (42);
create table table_containing_table_names (
table_id int primary key, 
table_name varchar(30)
);

insert into table_containing_table_names
(table_id, table_name) values 
(21, 'foo'), (42,'bar');
CREATE PROCEDURE getDataFromTableId (IN id INT)
BEGIN
  SET @table_id = id;
  SET @table_name = (
            select table_name 
            from table_containing_table_names 
            where table_id = @table_id);
  
  IF @table_name IS NOT NULL
  THEN
    SET @stmt = CONCAT('select * from `', @table_name, '`;');
  
    PREPARE stmt FROM @stmt;
    EXECUTE stmt;
    DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;
  END IF;
END;
call getDataFromTableId(21);


id
foo


1
21


call getDataFromTableId(42);


id
bar


1
42


call getDataFromTableId(888);