SQL Server 2017

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CREATE TABLE tbl (
  id int,
  text varchar(500)
);

INSERT INTO tbl VALUES
  (1, 'Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua'),
  (2, 'Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat');
2 rows affected

SELECT * FROM tbl;


id
text


1
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua

2
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat


-- выбираем существующую запись
SELECT pt.pid, t.id, t.text FROM (SELECT 1 AS pid) pt
  FULL OUTER JOIN (
    SELECT 1 AS pid, tt.*
      FROM tbl tt
      WHERE tt.id = 1
  ) AS t ON pt.pid = t.pid
;


pid
id
text


1
1
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua


-- выбираем несуществующую запись
SELECT pt.pid, t.id, t.text FROM (SELECT 1 AS pid) pt
  LEFT OUTER JOIN (
    SELECT 1 AS pid, tt.*
      FROM tbl tt
      WHERE tt.id = 10
  ) AS t ON pt.pid = t.pid
;


pid
id
text


1
null
null


SELECT id, text FROM tbl
WHERE id = 10
UNION
SELECT NULL, NULL
;


id
text


null
null

id	text
1	Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua
2	Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat