MySQL 8.0

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CREATE TABLE test (id INT, col1 VARCHAR(255), col2 VARCHAR(255), col3 VARCHAR(255));

INSERT INTO test VALUES

(1, 'Иванов', 'Иван', 'Иванович'),

(2, 'Иван', 'Иванович', 'Иванов'),

(3, 'Петров', 'Сергей', 'Алексеевич'),

(4, 'Петров', 'Сергей', 'Алексеевич'),

(5, 'Сергей', 'Алексеевич', 'Петров');

SELECT * FROM test;

WITH

cte1 AS ( SELECT id, col1 val FROM test UNION ALL

SELECT id, col2 FROM test UNION ALL

SELECT id, col3 FROM test ),

cte2 AS ( SELECT id, GROUP_CONCAT(val ORDER BY val) FIO

FROM cte1

GROUP BY id )

SELECT test.id, test.col1, test.col2, test.col3, GROUP_CONCAT(cte2_2.id) ids

FROM test

JOIN cte2 cte2_1 USING (id)

JOIN cte2 cte2_2 USING (FIO)

GROUP BY test.id, test.col1, test.col2, test.col3