SQL Server 2017

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CREATE TABLE t(id INT)
CREATE PROCEDURE p1
AS
BEGIN
  SELECT 1 AS c;
END
CREATE PROCEDURE p2
AS
BEGIN
   INSERT INTO t(id)
   EXEC p2;
   
END 
BEGIN
DECLARE @isNested BIT = 0;

  BEGIN TRY
      BEGIN TRANSACTION;
      EXEC p2;
      ROLLBACK;
  END TRY
  BEGIN CATCH
    -- Msg 8164 An INSERT EXEC statement cannot be nested.
    IF ERROR_NUMBER() = 8164 SET @isNested = 1;
    ROLLBACK;
  END CATCH

SELECT @isNested;
END


(No column name)


True


SELECT * FROM t


id