Postgres 14

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CREATE TABLE relation_tuple_transaction (
    id BIGSERIAL NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    timestamp TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    CONSTRAINT pk_rttx PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
-- CREATE INDEX ix_relation_tuple_transaction_by_timestamp on relation_tuple_transaction using brin(id, timestamp);
CREATE INDEX ix_relation_tuple_transaction_by_timestamp on relation_tuple_transaction(timestamp);

CREATE TABLE

CREATE INDEX

INSERT INTO relation_tuple_transaction(timestamp) SELECT * FROM generate_series
        ( now() - interval '3 days'
        , now()
        , '1 second'::interval) dd
        ;

INSERT 0 259201

EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT MIN(id), MAX(id) from relation_tuple_transaction WHERE timestamp >= now() - interval '5 seconds';

QUERY PLAN

Result  (cost=1.19..1.20 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=242.955..242.957 rows=1 loops=1)

  InitPlan 1 (returns $0)

    ->  Limit  (cost=0.42..0.59 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=135.186..135.187 rows=0 loops=1)

          ->  Index Scan using pk_rttx on relation_tuple_transaction  (cost=0.42..14904.25 rows=86024 width=8) (actual time=135.182..135.183 rows=0 loops=1)

                Index Cond: (id IS NOT NULL)

                Filter: ("timestamp" >= (now() - '00:00:05'::interval))

                Rows Removed by Filter: 259201

  InitPlan 2 (returns $1)

    ->  Limit  (cost=0.42..0.59 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=107.763..107.763 rows=0 loops=1)

          ->  Index Scan Backward using pk_rttx on relation_tuple_transaction relation_tuple_transaction_1  (cost=0.42..14904.25 rows=86024 width=8) (actual time=107.760..107.760 rows=0 loops=1)

                Index Cond: (id IS NOT NULL)

                Filter: ("timestamp" >= (now() - '00:00:05'::interval))

                Rows Removed by Filter: 259201

Planning Time: 0.987 ms

Execution Time: 243.185 ms

EXPLAIN

vacuum analyze;

VACUUM

PREPARE ts_range (TIMESTAMP) AS SELECT MIN(id), MAX(id) from relation_tuple_transaction WHERE timestamp >= $1;

PREPARE

EXPLAIN ANALYZE
EXECUTE ts_range(now() - interval '5 seconds');

QUERY PLAN

Aggregate  (cost=4.44..4.45 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=0.015..0.017 rows=1 loops=1)

  ->  Index Scan using ix_relation_tuple_transaction_by_timestamp on relation_tuple_transaction  (cost=0.42..4.44 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=0.007..0.007 rows=0 loops=1)

        Index Cond: ("timestamp" >= '2024-05-28 19:42:51.333257'::timestamp without time zone)

Planning Time: 0.792 ms

Execution Time: 0.122 ms

EXPLAIN

EXPLAIN ANALYZE
EXECUTE ts_range(now() - interval '5 seconds');

QUERY PLAN

Aggregate  (cost=4.44..4.45 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=0.007..0.007 rows=1 loops=1)

  ->  Index Scan using ix_relation_tuple_transaction_by_timestamp on relation_tuple_transaction  (cost=0.42..4.44 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=0.005..0.005 rows=0 loops=1)

        Index Cond: ("timestamp" >= '2024-05-28 19:42:51.334463'::timestamp without time zone)

Planning Time: 0.237 ms

Execution Time: 0.027 ms

EXPLAIN

EXPLAIN ANALYZE
EXECUTE ts_range(now() - interval '5 seconds');

QUERY PLAN

Aggregate  (cost=4.44..4.45 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=0.007..0.007 rows=1 loops=1)

  ->  Index Scan using ix_relation_tuple_transaction_by_timestamp on relation_tuple_transaction  (cost=0.42..4.44 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=0.005..0.005 rows=0 loops=1)

        Index Cond: ("timestamp" >= '2024-05-28 19:42:51.334952'::timestamp without time zone)

Planning Time: 0.231 ms

Execution Time: 0.025 ms

EXPLAIN

EXPLAIN ANALYZE
EXECUTE ts_range(now() - interval '5 seconds');

QUERY PLAN

Aggregate  (cost=4.44..4.45 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=0.006..0.007 rows=1 loops=1)

  ->  Index Scan using ix_relation_tuple_transaction_by_timestamp on relation_tuple_transaction  (cost=0.42..4.44 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=0.005..0.005 rows=0 loops=1)

        Index Cond: ("timestamp" >= '2024-05-28 19:42:51.335408'::timestamp without time zone)

Planning Time: 0.227 ms

Execution Time: 0.024 ms

EXPLAIN

EXPLAIN ANALYZE
EXECUTE ts_range(now() - interval '5 seconds');

QUERY PLAN

Aggregate  (cost=4.44..4.45 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=0.006..0.007 rows=1 loops=1)

  ->  Index Scan using ix_relation_tuple_transaction_by_timestamp on relation_tuple_transaction  (cost=0.42..4.44 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=0.005..0.005 rows=0 loops=1)

        Index Cond: ("timestamp" >= '2024-05-28 19:42:51.335877'::timestamp without time zone)

Planning Time: 0.226 ms

Execution Time: 0.024 ms

EXPLAIN

EXPLAIN ANALYZE
EXECUTE ts_range(now() - interval '5 seconds');

QUERY PLAN

Result  (cost=1.06..1.07 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=124.317..124.319 rows=1 loops=1)

  InitPlan 1 (returns $0)

    ->  Limit  (cost=0.42..0.53 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=67.754..67.755 rows=0 loops=1)

          ->  Index Scan using pk_rttx on relation_tuple_transaction  (cost=0.42..9445.44 rows=86400 width=8) (actual time=67.753..67.753 rows=0 loops=1)

                Index Cond: (id IS NOT NULL)

                Filter: ("timestamp" >= $1)

                Rows Removed by Filter: 259201

  InitPlan 2 (returns $1)

    ->  Limit  (cost=0.42..0.53 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=56.558..56.558 rows=0 loops=1)

          ->  Index Scan Backward using pk_rttx on relation_tuple_transaction relation_tuple_transaction_1  (cost=0.42..9445.44 rows=86400 width=8) (actual time=56.555..56.556 rows=0 loops=1)

                Index Cond: (id IS NOT NULL)

                Filter: ("timestamp" >= $1)

                Rows Removed by Filter: 259201

Planning Time: 0.200 ms

Execution Time: 124.346 ms

EXPLAIN