SQL Server 2022

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DECLARE @start DATETIME = N'2024-1-1 12:00:00';
CREATE TABLE #tmstmp (
  dt DATETIME PRIMARY KEY
  , payload INT NOT NULL
);

CREATE TABLE #numbers (
  n INT PRIMARY KEY
);
WITH numbers (n) AS (
  SELECT 0 AS n
  UNION ALL
  SELECT n + 1 AS n
    FROM numbers
   WHERE n < 100
)
INSERT
  INTO #numbers
SELECT n
  FROM numbers;

WITH rnd (mins, secs) AS (
  SELECT n2.n AS mins
         , CAST(ABS(CHECKSUM(NEWID())) % 60 AS INT) AS mins
   FROM #numbers AS n1
        , #numbers as n2
  WHERE n1.n < 5
    AND n2.n < 15
), tmstmp (dt) AS (
  SELECT DATEADD(SECOND, secs, DATEADD(MINUTE, mins, @start)) AS dt
    FROM rnd
) 
INSERT  
  INTO #tmstmp
SELECT DISTINCT dt
       , -1 AS payload
  FROM tmstmp
 ORDER BY dt;

UPDATE #tmstmp
   SET payload = CAST(ABS(CHECKSUM(NEWID())) % 10 AS INT);

--select sum(payload) from #tmstmp where dt BETWEEN '2024-01-01 12:00:00.000' AND '2024-01-01 12:05:00.000'
--select sum(payload) from #tmstmp where dt BETWEEN '2024-01-01 12:01:00.000' AND '2024-01-01 12:06:00.000'

SELECT
    [From],
    DATEADD(MINUTE, 1, [To]) [To],
    payload
FROM (
    SELECT
        dt,
        MIN(dt) OVER(ORDER BY dt ROWS BETWEEN 4 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) [From],
        dt [To],
        SUM(payload) OVER(ORDER BY dt ROWS BETWEEN 4 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) payload
    FROM (
        SELECT
            DATEADD(MINUTE, DATEDIFF(MINUTE, 0, dt), 0) dt, -- Floors the result '2024-01-01 12:04:59.999' -> '2024-01-01 12:04:00.000'
            SUM(payload) payload
        FROM #tmstmp
        GROUP BY DATEADD(MINUTE, DATEDIFF(MINUTE, 0, dt), 0)
    ) q
) q
WHERE DATEDIFF(MINUTE, [From], [To]) > 3

DROP TABLE #tmstmp, #numbers

From	To	payload
2024-01-01 12:00:00.000	2024-01-01 12:05:00.000	125
2024-01-01 12:01:00.000	2024-01-01 12:06:00.000	115
2024-01-01 12:02:00.000	2024-01-01 12:07:00.000	118
2024-01-01 12:03:00.000	2024-01-01 12:08:00.000	120
2024-01-01 12:04:00.000	2024-01-01 12:09:00.000	116
2024-01-01 12:05:00.000	2024-01-01 12:10:00.000	95
2024-01-01 12:06:00.000	2024-01-01 12:11:00.000	101
2024-01-01 12:07:00.000	2024-01-01 12:12:00.000	99
2024-01-01 12:08:00.000	2024-01-01 12:13:00.000	103
2024-01-01 12:09:00.000	2024-01-01 12:14:00.000	111
2024-01-01 12:10:00.000	2024-01-01 12:15:00.000	124