SQL Server 2019

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CREATE TABLE t (ID int PRIMARY KEY);

INSERT INTO t WITH (TABLOCK)
    SELECT top (3000) ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY (SELECT NULL)) RN
    FROM master..spt_values a
    CROSS JOIN master..spt_values b;
3000 rows affected

UPDATE STATISTICS t WITH FULLSCAN
SELECT
  range_high_key,
  Centile = RunningRows * 100.0 / TotalRows
FROM (
    SELECT 
      RunningRows = SUM(range_rows) OVER (ORDER BY CAST(range_high_key AS int) ROWS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING),
      TotalRows = SUM(range_rows) OVER (),
      range_high_key = CAST(range_high_key AS int)
    FROM sys.tables t
    JOIN sys.stats s ON s.object_id = t.object_id
    CROSS APPLY sys.dm_db_stats_histogram(t.object_id, 1) h
    WHERE t.name = 't'
) h;


range_high_key
Centile


1
0

36
1.1572498298162

83
2.72294077603812

106
3.4717494894486

131
4.28863172226004

177
5.82028590878148

240
7.93056501021103

256
8.44111640571818

280
9.22396187882913

344
11.3682777399592

424
14.0571817562968

460
15.2484683458135

540
17.9373723621511

572
18.9925119128659

600
19.9115044247788

648
21.5112321307012

672
22.2940776038121

716
23.7576582709326

788
26.1742682096664

804
26.6848196051736

860
28.5568413886998

900
29.8842750170184

972
32.3008849557522

1036
34.4452008168822

1052
34.9557522123894

1100
36.5554799183118

1124
37.3383253914227

1196
39.7549353301566

1268
42.1715452688904

1308
43.498978897209

1348
44.8264125255276

1388
46.1538461538462

1460
48.57045609258

1496
49.7617426820967

1520
50.5445881552076

1544
51.3274336283186

1568
52.1102791014295

1592
52.8931245745405

1616
53.6759700476515

1640
54.4588155207624

1664
55.2416609938734

1688
56.0245064669843

1712
56.8073519400953

1736
57.5901974132063

1812
60.142954390742

1876
62.287270251872

1940
64.431586113002

2004
66.5759019741321

2068
68.7202178352621

2132
70.8645336963921

2196
73.0088495575221

2260
75.1531654186522

2324
77.2974812797822

2388
79.4417971409122

2452
81.5861130020422

2516
83.7304288631722

2580
85.8747447243022

2644
88.0190605854323

2708
90.1633764465623

2992
99.7957794417971

2999
100

3000
100

range_high_key	Centile
1	0
36	1.1572498298162
83	2.72294077603812
106	3.4717494894486
131	4.28863172226004
177	5.82028590878148
240	7.93056501021103
256	8.44111640571818
280	9.22396187882913
344	11.3682777399592
424	14.0571817562968
460	15.2484683458135
540	17.9373723621511
572	18.9925119128659
600	19.9115044247788
648	21.5112321307012
672	22.2940776038121
716	23.7576582709326
788	26.1742682096664
804	26.6848196051736
860	28.5568413886998
900	29.8842750170184
972	32.3008849557522
1036	34.4452008168822
1052	34.9557522123894
1100	36.5554799183118
1124	37.3383253914227
1196	39.7549353301566
1268	42.1715452688904
1308	43.498978897209
1348	44.8264125255276
1388	46.1538461538462
1460	48.57045609258
1496	49.7617426820967
1520	50.5445881552076
1544	51.3274336283186
1568	52.1102791014295
1592	52.8931245745405
1616	53.6759700476515
1640	54.4588155207624
1664	55.2416609938734
1688	56.0245064669843
1712	56.8073519400953
1736	57.5901974132063
1812	60.142954390742
1876	62.287270251872
1940	64.431586113002
2004	66.5759019741321
2068	68.7202178352621
2132	70.8645336963921
2196	73.0088495575221
2260	75.1531654186522
2324	77.2974812797822
2388	79.4417971409122
2452	81.5861130020422
2516	83.7304288631722
2580	85.8747447243022
2644	88.0190605854323
2708	90.1633764465623
2992	99.7957794417971
2999	100
3000	100