SQL Server 2017

By using db<>fiddle, you agree to license everything you submit by Creative Commons CC0.

create table datatable (num int);
create table othertable (num int);
insert into datatable (num) values (1), (2), (3), (5), (7), (11), (12), (13), (22), (24), (25);
11 rows affected

WITH 
maxmin (vmin, vmax) AS
(SELECT MIN(num), MAX(num) FROM datatable
),
temp (num) AS
(
SELECT vmin FROM maxmin
UNION ALL
SELECT num+1 FROM temp WHERE num < (SELECT vmax FROM maxmin)
)
INSERT INTO othertable (num)
SELECT COALESCE(datatable.num, 0)
FROM temp
LEFT JOIN datatable ON temp.num = datatable.num
25 rows affected

select * from othertable


num


1

2

3

0

5

0

7

0

0

0

11

12

13

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

22

0

24

25