Oracle 18c

By using db<>fiddle, you agree to license everything you submit by Creative Commons CC0.
create table as_test_multiple 
as 
select rownum pk_col
      ,mod(rownum,10) mod_10
      ,mod(rownum,50) mod_50
      ,mod(rownum,100) mod_100
from dual connect by rownum <= 100000;      
100000 rows affected

create index as_test_multiple_idx10 on as_test_multiple (mod_10);
create index as_test_multiple_idx50 on as_test_multiple (mod_50);
create index as_test_multiple_idx100 on as_test_multiple (mod_100);
explain plan for 
select * 
from as_test_multiple where
:mod_10  is null or mod_10  = :mod_10 and
:mod_50  is null or mod_50  = :mod_50 and
:mod_100 is null or mod_100 = :mod_100;
select * from dbms_xplan.display();

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT

Plan hash value: 4246260216

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Id  | Operation         | Name             | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT  |                  |  6514 | 91196 |    77   (2)| 00:00:01 |

|*  1 |  TABLE ACCESS FULL| AS_TEST_MULTIPLE |  6514 | 91196 |    77   (2)| 00:00:01 |

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   1 - filter(:MOD_10 IS NULL OR :MOD_50 IS NULL AND

              "MOD_10"=TO_NUMBER(:MOD_10) OR "MOD_100"=TO_NUMBER(:MOD_100) OR :MOD_100 IS

              NULL AND "MOD_50"=TO_NUMBER(:MOD_50))

explain plan for 
select /*+index(t)*/* 
from as_test_multiple  t where
(:mod_10  is null or mod_10  = :mod_10) and
(:mod_50  is null or mod_50  = :mod_50) and
(:mod_100 is null or mod_100 = :mod_100);
select * from dbms_xplan.display();

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT

Plan hash value: 4246260216

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Id  | Operation         | Name             | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT  |                  |    60 |   840 |    77   (2)| 00:00:01 |

|*  1 |  TABLE ACCESS FULL| AS_TEST_MULTIPLE |    60 |   840 |    77   (2)| 00:00:01 |

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   1 - filter((:MOD_100 IS NULL OR "MOD_100"=TO_NUMBER(:MOD_100)) AND

              (:MOD_50 IS NULL OR "MOD_50"=TO_NUMBER(:MOD_50)) AND (:MOD_10 IS NULL OR

              "MOD_10"=TO_NUMBER(:MOD_10)))

explain plan for 
select /*+use_concat*/* 
from as_test_multiple  t where
(:mod_10  is null or mod_10  = :mod_10) and
(:mod_50  is null or mod_50  = :mod_50) ;
select * from dbms_xplan.display();

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT

Plan hash value: 4246260216

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

| Id  | Operation         | Name             | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT  |                  |  1001 | 14014 |    77   (2)| 00:00:01 |

|*  1 |  TABLE ACCESS FULL| AS_TEST_MULTIPLE |  1001 | 14014 |    77   (2)| 00:00:01 |

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):

---------------------------------------------------

   1 - filter((:MOD_50 IS NULL OR "MOD_50"=TO_NUMBER(:MOD_50)) AND (:MOD_10

              IS NULL OR "MOD_10"=TO_NUMBER(:MOD_10)))